| Oracle Database | Microsoft SQL Server |
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| Category | database engine | database engine |
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| Developer | Oracle | Microsoft |
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| Created by | Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, Ed Oates | — |
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| First release | 1979 | 1989 |
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| License | Proprietary | Proprietary |
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| Open source | No | No |
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| Pricing | Free with paid plans | Free with paid plans |
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| Website | https://www.oracle.com/database | https://www.microsoft.com/sql-server |
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| Written in | C | C, C++ |
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| Data model | Relational, Document, Graph, Vector | Relational, Graph |
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| Storage layout | Hybrid row and column | Hybrid row and column |
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| Workload | Both (HTAP) | Both (HTAP) |
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| Analytics architecture | Not an analytics platform | Not an analytics platform |
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| Query language | SQL, PL/SQL | T-SQL |
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| ACID transactions | Yes | Yes |
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| Schema | Strict | Strict |
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| Deployment | Server, Distributed cluster, Managed cloud | Server, Managed cloud |
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| Scaling | Replication | Replication |
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| Create, read, update, delete | Create: fast (Fast inserts, direct-path loads); Read: fast (Mature optimizer, in-memory column store); Update: fast (In-place updates with undo); Delete: fast (Fast deletes) | Create: fast (Fast inserts, bulk copy for loads); Read: fast (Mature optimizer, row and column indexes); Update: fast (In-place updates); Delete: fast (Fast deletes, ghost cleanup in the background) |
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